As the research seeks to quantify the costs of mitigating the emission of greenhouse gases by deploying various renewable technologies, it directly benefits state agencies in Massachusetts by outlining returns on the requisite investments. In turn, this facilitates the formulation of more effective policies that mitigate the emission of GHGs. According to Schoenbauer et al. (2016), cold-climate air-source heat pumps (ccASHP) transfer heat within residential spaces that rely on electricity or delivered fuels. The pumps work by utilizing low-grade energy (energy sources that cannot be fully converted into electrical energy i.e. thermal energy) in ambient air as their energy source. The advantages of their operation include low costs and high efficiency. However, they are challenged by operation under low-temperature conditions, which cause a degradation of performance mainly due to frosting of coils (Wu et al., 2013). The second type of heat pump is the ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) which, unlike air-source variants, use shallow geothermal energy as their source of energy (Corberán et al., 2018). As such, heat is transferred from the earth to buildings during the cooler winter periods and likewise, transferred from out of the building during the hot summer conditions (Mustafa Omer, 2008). Their core disadvantage stems from the high costs of installation though their high efficiency renders them more cost-effective over the long term